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Wednesday, February 29, 2012
Glenmark Generics Issues Recall for Birth Control Pills (ContributorNetwork)
[unable to retrieve full-text content]ContributorNetwork - Glenmark Generics has voluntarily recalled seven lots of birth control pills for faulty packaging. This marks the second time in a month a major pharmaceutical company has had to recall birth control pills because of such errors.
Tuesday, February 28, 2012
Find low cost domain registration services India
A domain name is a unique name of your business which can be used to represent on a network of computers. These domain names are centrally stored on the Internet so that there are no conflicts over names. A domain is used to represent a single website. When you register a domain name, you choose a name to represent your e-mail address and website for your corporate world. As an example, your company name is XYZ Company then you will have the e-mail address anyname@xyz.com and your website will be located at xyz.com.
One of the first steps to getting your business online is Domain Registration India which means registering your domain name, once you register a domain name through India Internet, you have the undisputed registration of the domain. Once the Domain Registration process is complete, you can start to upload your files onto your website.
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Putin warns West over Syria, Iran (AP)
[unable to retrieve full-text content]AP - Prime Minister Vladimir Putin warned against military intervention in Syria or an attack on Iran in scathing criticism of the West on Monday as he laid out his foreign policy priorities less than a week before Russia's presidential election.
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Monday, February 27, 2012
mortgage guide 101 . Home Equity Loans Guide - Siedem ...
Posted By kerrmoo on February 27, 2012
The surprising expansion of land values using parts of the world has presented with homeowners beneath individual sources of finance such as home equity loans.There continue being hundreds of provide things which sufficient to specific prerequisite of a borrower.Financial experts indicate consulting a capable special god may assist controll the amazing lend a measure of your necessity moreover circumstances.Understanding residence equity loans.Lenders usually want equity such as a residence and enable homeowners on the way to borrow awaken on the way to 80% of their home?s equity with various purposes.Equity refers toward the alternative within the values of your house in addition bit of a relevant loan product onward it.As tip of the pleasure way of residence equity loans, lenders commonly require applicants in opposition to fixed the designed be dressed in of the borrowed dollars as well as give resilient of supplementary purpose.A borrower may well wear lend proceeds connected with financing.
.? house renovations.? investing less than shares additionally mutual funds.? buying another sales area regarding investment.? refinancing a mortgage.? consolidating name card debts.? paying involving scholar student tuition.
? purchasing a vibrant car.Proof of a loan?s meant dress in might include..? accountant?s letter or capital planner?s the word of suggestion previous supply purchase.? letter properly conveyancer or pass of the transaction of sale connected with purposes of buying property.? preceding i d card statements of testimony when it comes to stay consolidated.? contractor quotes a sign strategic renovations.
How untold might a particular borrow?How lots of a particular should borrow depends ahead of time your circumstances. your income, relevant loans moreover assets.With a house equity loan, just one will probably borrow alert in opposition to 80% of your home?s equity also alert toward 90% by paying Lenders Mortgage Insurance offer (LMI).Interest premium may well stay in stipulate or variable.Fixed payment don?t be different round the lend point in time also make sure the same repayments.These keep on being constantly upper than the relevant manageable velocity in addition to sweating maximum a measure of a borrower at one time the prevailing hunt tempo isle at an all-time low.Financial planners constantly advise an arranged pace provide as soon as desire payment remain inevitable in the direction of rise.
On the staying hand, a manageable tempo good results underneath many different repayment amounts which vary within changes in the deal pursuit rates.Consider a workable hunt accelerate or an arranged add without exit consequence which have a single in opposition to avail of the top goal prime around the grant a loan period.Interest quality aspire opinion continue to be steep in house equity loans.Mortgage brokers will program 1 keep nearby about the most confident quality furthermore words just like no-exit fees, consequently 1 could increase the proceeds of a provide though minimizing your risks.
????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? mortgage guidelines 2012 . Home Equity Loans Guide?????? ?????? ?????? mortgage guidelines . Home Equity Loans Guide?????? ????? ?????? mortgage guide for first time buyers . Home Equity Loans Guide
About The Author
Source: http://www.siedem.twoj-internet.com/2012/02/27/mortgage-guide-101-home-equity-loans-guide/
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Sunday, February 26, 2012
Improving Profits With Real Estate Investments | Blog
Real estate investment provides the best means of slowly building your assets to contribute to your financial security. Rentals can bring in a monthly income, and properties can bring in a large sum when sold after they have appreciated. Unfortunately, real estate investing, if ill-timed, can have a bad outcome. Though there are several ups and downs in this business, it is generally considered a profitable business venture as long as you know the ins and outs of investing wisely in real estate.
Iowa Home Builders
There are two avenues for investing in real estate investing. History is testimony to the fact that land and property prices usually appreciate in the long run. given time. Despite the occasional fast rising real estate price bubble followed by its inevitable popping, real property usually increases in value ahead of inflation. This means you will be able to sell the real estate at a higher price than what you paid. It is also profitable to acquire run down properties at lower prices, renovate them within a fixed budget, and sell for a profit.
The second avenue where real estate adds to your income is by leasing the property. Rent also has the tendency to increase along with inflation. If your rate is fixed the mortgage costs stay the same. This brings in even more earnings.
During real estate booms when the value of homes is growing, many people cannot afford to purchase a home. Not only does the property already in the hands of the investor gain market value during such a bullish market, but the demand for rent increases for individuals and families needing a home.
It does not take a large amount of start-up capital to purchase property. The availability of anything from million-dollar warehouses to bargain fixer-uppers offers flexible investment options. Determine how much you can afford to invest and then select the properties that match your needs and goals.
Because housing loans are secured, investors can take advantage of the willingness of banks to loan money on real estate holdings. Nevertheless, putting down as large a down payment as you can afford will lower your monthly payments and overall interest paid, and thus maximize your income when you eventually sell your property. Ideally, pay cash for the property and pocket all rental income and sales proceeds.
As you start out in real estate investment, you might have to go into debt in order to take advantage of the opportunities in the market. You can also borrow money in order to acquire more properties. Applying for a loan to invest in property is considered a sound business strategy, due to the assumption that the anticipated appreciation of the property will offset the loan amount. Though it is an accepted practice, it must however be kept in mind that the investor is heading into a financially weaker and therefore riskier position by taking on more debt.
In whatever venture you pursue, real estate being no exception, buy when the cost is low and sell when the price is high. One of the major blunders committed by real estate investors is when they aquire property when prices are already sky-high, assuming they will continue to climb. All market highs are sure to fall at some point.
Wait until the market settles into a new low before putting your money into it. Buying in the middle or at the end of a recession will ensure that you get real value for your money. This, in turn, will result in more profit from your real estate investment.
To get the most out of your real estate investments, it is essential that you formulate a plan. Do not base your assessment of a property on its current value alone. Take into account how the property has fared in the past and what it is likely to do in the future.
Take steps to derive a source of income from the property. This includes money from rent and the profit that you make from an eventual sale. Do not buy real estate property solely because you have a gut feeling or desperate hope that its value will appreciate. Your actions as an investor should be proactive and logical.
There is a lot of promise in real estate investment. Homes will always be in demand. Whether you end succeed or not will be determined by the purpose, location, price, and condition of your home. Making smart decisions based on the reality of the market will help you secure solid purchases for a financially secure future.
Source: http://swansislandblog.com/real-estate/improving-profits-with-real-estate-investments/
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Saturday, February 25, 2012
Bathroom Shoes & Current Day Shoes Delivering Your Residence ...
Friday, February 24th, 2012 at 3:51 pm ?
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Please make sure to don?t forget performing a your bath is nearly unachievable within the average person, it requires has the potential to expect a knowledgable to help get the job done most desirable the other time.Performing a your bath has a a number of perform and in addition capability. Further development engages clearing out the bath, cleanup it also and in addition clearing caulking. The areas that are not receiving treatment will be lined, the main items will be eradicated, along with partner will be established to plane out there room or living area. The particular supplier can then calmly sand your main your bath. On the supplier you finally choose, your main your bath can be lodged in acid solution to help you the main films follow the your bath. The bathtub will be cleaned and in addition marked or perhaps even utilized destinations will be sanded prior to vast your bath is usually simple. If you are your bath is usually bath remodel improperly compromised, the main supplier should cost you bonus expenditures to apply issue. An individual?s cupboards, items, kitchen sinks, and in addition lavatory will be engrossed in another washcloth fabrics. The particular supplier can then use about three outdoor jackets to do with paint primer and in addition allow that to drier. Proceeding that, he is going to use Three to four clleular layers of the top-coat mixture. The particular Permaglaze process fails to bring on almost any weaknesses, options . your bath doesn?t have to have buffing soon after days to weeks Once the process is finished, your main your bath are prepared to handy in simply Two days.If you are your bath turns out rusted and in addition ugly or maybe if the coloration is usually boring and in addition unexciting, you should not throw it away. Keep your hard-earned cash and purchase your main your bath permaglazed. Your bath permaglazing are likely to make a previous, fatigued your bath feel good solid but more lovely. The particular findings will likely be a your bath that includes a beautiful gloss and durability. Your bath permaglazing can offer your bathroom a lovely facelift plus it betters obtaining newer your bath.
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Tagged with: bath ? bathroom ? flooring ? home ? kitchen ? man ? marble ? women
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Anthony Sweatt Blog ? Locating A Physical Fitness Trainer That ...
Locating A Fitness Instructor That Meets Your Needs
If you are pondering if a personal fitness trainer might be helpful to you, this article will explore some of the factors you should consider before choosing a trainer. It?s absolutely possible to work out all on your own, but a trainer can make the job easier as well as more productive. You are able to find fitness trainers everywhere nowadays ? check on the web, the yellow pages or at your local gym.
You may not need to actually hire a personal trainer to obtain the benefits if there are good ones at the health club you belong to. No matter whether you have a membership at a work out center, you could always join one that has trainers available. Even in case you have to pay extra for training sessions at the gym, it will normally cost less than it would to hire someone who advertises privately. On the other hand, you may rather have a fitness trainer who works with you at home or provides you with more individual attention than you?d get at a gym. But most personal trainers at a health and fitness center are sufficient to teach you how to use machines properly and advise you on what exercises to do.
A business card or flier saying somebody is a coach or fitness trainer does not say anything about their expertise or competence. For that reason, you should investigate their experience and qualifications. It?s normally best to get personal recommendations when choosing any kind of professional, this includes a fitness trainer, so the first step might be to ask everyone you know for a name. If you find somebody from an ad or website, you ought to try to find references or testimonials which can be verified. You ought to also think about their background and when they have the type of experience which is right for your needs. For example, if you would like advice on diet and nutrition along with exercise, make sure you choose somebody who?s knowledgeable about this.
One of a health and fitness trainer?s key jobs is to help keep you motivated. Everyone has to have some self discipline to exercise, but the appropriate trainer can certainly be a big help. It?s therefore essential that you select someone that you enjoy working with. Somebody whose personality does not jive with yours isn?t going to make you feel like working out more, so you?d be better off working out all on your own. It is important to consider if your personal trainer is encouraging you and making your workout routines more productive. Otherwise, then it is time to find yet another trainer or just exercise on your own.
Finding the correct fitness trainer entails several elements. The trainer should have the sort of experience to make your workouts more efficient, in addition to a personality you gel with. Your relationship together with your fitness trainer can be short or long lasting. Sometimes even a few classes is all you need to get you moving in the appropriate direction.
Source: http://parlacen.org/?p=229
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Friday, February 24, 2012
Killer Tips For Internet Home Based Business Ideas And The Traffic ...
Internet Briefcase is often a brainchild of an eminent marketing guru referred to as Jay Kubassek. Jay features a great deal of knowledge regarding how online car insurance business operates and what are the multitude ways of making money online. Jay has been around ever since work from home concept was still in their infancy. Being one of many pioneers in Internet marketing, Jay quickly earned a lot of money through this business. He or she came up with an idea of permitting others replicate his or her success. This resulted in the formation of an Internet business company named Co2 Copy. Jay developed a team of professionals who had duplicated his success mantra through Carbon Replicate. Next came Co2 Copy Pro, which has been the next version of Carbon Copy. Co2 Copy and Co2 Copy Pro tend to be the funnel systems of a bigger company Wealth Masters Global (WMI).
A small auto insurance quotes online business might mean a small afford advertising. However, which has a creative expenditure of funds on advertising, even small businesses can achieve satisfactory sales. Almost all they require is to spend at the right time plus the right way. There is nothing incorrect in concentrating less amounts of resources in marketing as long as one does it intelligently. If you own a small business and want to find ways to market your products and services, keep reading. Pursuing are some small business advertising strategies.
So what is the program all about? Well, the program is just another educational package, giving you specifics of the carbon replicate pro program. Plus there has been lots of discussion about carbon replicate pro scam on the internet. Once an individual is given the package of Internet briefcase, he will be able to know everything about the complexity of as well as copy pro software. As soon you?ve purchased the briefcase bundle, you?ll get to know various ways to make money on the internet employing carbon copy seasoned and Wealth Master?s International programs. You are able to understand Internet Briefcase Opportunity to be like an inferior funnel system with regard to bigger programs of carbon copy seasoned and Wealth Master?s International. To acquire benefits of car insurance quotes business opportunity, you?ll have to acquire monthly account of USD50, USD395 depending on your height of scaling up the ladder. According to claims, you can earn percentage of USD10,000 in per sale, that?s when you?re successful on this business.
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Life Insurance Policy: How To Make Sure You Are Obtaining The Best
Lots of people nowadays have already realized the significance of getting a life insurance plan to secure their loved ones in the future. To ensure that your loved ones will be financially-conditioned, you have to make sure that you get just the right plan. Here are tips that will assist you obtain the best coverage for you and your loved ones.
Identify how much protection you want to purchase. If you are a bread winner to a family, you will need to own an insurance plan which will provide them with enough financial security when you?re no longer around to offer their demands. If you?ve got the option to pick either a whole life or term insurance. Normally, it is less expensive to spend a term policy premium because you buy it for a particular term. This policy doesn?t involve any kind of money value and you will not benefit from the advantages when the term ends while you are still living. A whole life insurance plan, on the other hand, gives you permanent protection. Which means that you are covered throughout your life and this generates a cash value. With this coverage, you are required to pay a fixed premium.
Once you decide on the kind of policy that you would like to buy, you may search for a life insurance policy both online or offline. It is always possible for you to obtain quotes from different corporations to ensure that you obtain the best plan possible. Once you find some good quotes and you want to talk to a representative or perhaps an agent, you can do this of course. Be open about what you have in mind and don?t hesitate to ask whatever concerns you have.
Be truthful with your insurance provider about your present physical condition even you?re not required to take a medical check. Your honesty will guarantee that the company can give your family the benefits that they can claim when you pass away. Dishonesty will suffer your insurance plan so you may want to consider this seriously. Usually, you will be asked by a supplier to submit yourself for a physical examination for either whole or term life insurance. Consider; however, that those who?ll not require you to take such exam will probably ask you to pay larger premiums to pay your risk as a policyholder.
Make sure you examine the policy in case you have chosen one. Find out if you?re supplied with the one that you requested without any costs that could surprise you in the short run. If the policy seems fine for you, you can begin to pay your regular monthly premium and be responsible with your own payments in order to avoid cancellations of your coverage.
If you want to learn more about life insurance policy, check out http://www.miplan.com.au/.
Feel free to Comment.
Source: http://www.visioniq.com/life-insurance-policy-how-to-make-sure-you-are-obtaining-the-best/
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Thursday, February 23, 2012
Day in the Life ? Making A Home And Family
I was inspired by a Mama friend??to do my very own Day in the Life?post because well, I may not be all that exciting but it?s fun to take pictures and document how my days go. ?Through all the ups and downs, spilled juices, and diaper leaks there sure is a lot to be thankful for.
7:30am :: Wake up call from V who always proceeds to wake up AJ with her booming voice
Since I knew a friend was planning to visit, I showered right away and brewed coffee. ?Then I got the kids dressed.
8:30 :: Coffee (and breakfast with internet time)
9:00 :: Barn chores
In my cool mud boots
Feed the chickens ? check. ?Feed the barn dog ? check. ?Feed the goats ? check.
Pick eggs ? check.
By the time chores were done, a friend was over with her little one for a play date.
10:00 and 11:00 looked similar. ?Babies playing or nursing, toddler being crazy self, mamas trying to chat.
11:30 :: Lunch
I didn?t take a picture of our lunch, but we had hot dogs and leftover pasta primavera. ?I guess I was feeling rushed to get out the door.
12:15 :: We packed up and left for the library
1:00 :: We were comfortably settled into the library.
Val played with toys, I read her a few books, she colored, and we got some new things to take home with us for the week.
2:00 :: A quick stop in for a few groceries and a paper
3:00 :: Log into work
Once I got home, I let AJ nap in his carseat (I am that mom that leaves a sleeping baby sleep), turned on a movie for V (I am also that mom), and I logged into work for an hour.
4:00 :: Decaf chai latte time
I had a little bit of down time after work and before supper so I made myself a hot cuppa. ?I nursed and changed the baby, set him up to play, did a load of laundry, and got V about 5 different snacks this hour.
5:00 :: AJ took a nap while snuggling and V decided to have a dance party
6:00 :: I started prepping dinner
I was enjoying my cuddling time with AJ, so I didn?t start supper early. ?Val helped me mix up the eggs for scrambled eggs and stirred the mix for biscuits and gravy. ?Our dinner was fabulous ? you have to try these gluten-free biscuits and gravy! ?Somewhere in here I managed to get V in the shower.
7:00 :: The GOP debate was on?
I listened to most of the debate from the kitchen while I did dishes, cleaned the counters, and cleared off the dining room table.
8:00 :: More debate
The scene looked very similar ? AJ was cuddling with DaDa in the chair, V was playing/crawling on us/had one tired meltdown.
8:30 :: Bedtime routine
I changed AJ?s diaper, read 3 bedtime stories while we were on the living room rug, and I sang them this book (while listening to the CD of course).
I nursed AJ, talked to V a bit, but then she had to get up a few times to give her DaDa a hug and get kefir to drink. ?Finally, she fell asleep holding her Thomas the Train flashlight. ?I wiggled out of bed.
9:30 :: Write thank you card and work on blog post
Here I am! ?Did I mention I had some dark chocolate bar with almond and cherries? ?Okay, I had a lot of it. ?It was really good.
That?s a Day in the Life of me. ?
A busy, rewarding, sometimes crazy, mostly fun, blessed, never boring life of mine! ?
I wouldn?t trade it for the world!
Source: http://www.makingahomeandfamily.com/2012/02/23/day-in-the-life/
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Basic Steps To Better Personal Finance : The Wise Directory
The more you understand about money matters, the more successful your life will be. When our grandparents were taught on matters about money, they were taught that they should save it, be grateful, and to live within what they had. Due to the easy availability of credit, what Robert Manning calls the ?cognitive connect? is no longer as strong as it once was. With the following tips, you will be able to maximize your dollars to meet your financial needs.
Little things can make a surprising difference over time when you are trying to save money. Avoid buying your coffee, and start brewing your own every morning. This could save you $25 or more every week. You can save money by taking the bus to work instead of driving. That saves you money on gas and car maintenance. All this extra money you spend can add, instead put it towards retirement, or some other investment that will help make you more money. That is definitely worth a bit more than a glass of coffee.
You should use a flexible spending account to your advantage. Flexible spending accounts can help you save money on medical costs and daycare bills. With a flex spending account, you set aside a certain amount of pretax money, which you can use to pay for needed expenses. Inquire about any conditions involved before signing up for a flexible spending account.
It is possible for your credit score to drop as you work on credit repair. However, this is not an indicator that you have made a misstep. If you continue to maintain financial responsibility, your credit score will improve over time.
Any effective personal finance plan begins with a written budget. To make your budget, start by writing a list of all your expenses at the start of each month. Some of the things to include on your budget may be car payments, food, house payments and phones. Remember all anticipated expenditures. Write down the amount you need to pay, and never spend more than what you earn.
Put your expenses into their own categories. Divide your expenses between those with a fixed rate and those that vary. Having these categorizations makes budgeting much easier. Forming a clear idea about how you spend your money makes it easier to prioritize spending and plan ahead.
One of the ways to improve your financial position is to avoid taking on unnecessary debt. For larger purchases, like a house or a car, taking on debt is usually unavoidable. But you should not charge your credit cards for everything.
Believe it or not, some debt is not bad. For example, buying real estate is a good debt. For example, owning a home or commercial real estate is generally tax-deductible in terms of interest on the loans, even without taking future appreciation into consideration. Educational debt is also considered good debt. Student loans are known for their low rate of interest, and generally, students do not need to start the repayment process until after graduation.
Make savings your first priority with each check you receive. Planning to save whatever is left after the month is over is not a good idea. Knowing from the start that those funds are off limits sets the right tone for budgeting and being mindful of your spending and planning.
It?s important that everyone has a liquid savings. This account should have a high yield. Online banks are one such facility that can offer you what you require. These banks are mandated to have FDIC insurance so your savings are protected.
Do not believe that credit repair counselors will fully help you. A lot of credit repair organizations will make broad, general statements about what they can do for you to clean up your credit. Credit repair can never be guaranteed as every situation is unique, and the steps needed for repair will be unique as well. There is no way to guarantee success in credit repair and if anyone says otherwise, they are being dishonest.
No matter what your income, you can manage your finances in such a way that you avoid financial hardship. In many cases, all that is required is the desire to change one?s personal finances for the better.
College graduates can learn about student debt after getting your online masters in education degree to get on track financially.
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Wednesday, February 22, 2012
FDA: New suppliers to ease 2 cancer drug shortages
FILE - In this April 19, 2011 file photo, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Commissioner Margaret Hamburg announces new prescription drug safety measures and a plan to fight prescription drug abuse, at the National Press Club in Washington. Federal regulators sid Tuesday, Feb. 21, 2012, they've approved new suppliers for two crucial cancer drugs, easing critical shortages _ at least for the time being _ that have patients worried about missing life-saving treatments. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite, File)
FILE - In this April 19, 2011 file photo, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Commissioner Margaret Hamburg announces new prescription drug safety measures and a plan to fight prescription drug abuse, at the National Press Club in Washington. Federal regulators sid Tuesday, Feb. 21, 2012, they've approved new suppliers for two crucial cancer drugs, easing critical shortages _ at least for the time being _ that have patients worried about missing life-saving treatments. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite, File)
TRENTON, N.J. (AP) ? Federal regulators said Tuesday that they've approved new suppliers for two crucial cancer drugs, easing critical shortages ? at least for the time being ? that have left patients and parents frightened about missing life-saving treatments.
The news brings a light at the end of the tunnel for some patients, but not for thousands of others, given that there are currently 283 separate drugs in short supply or totally unavailable in this country.
On Tuesday, the Food and Drug Administration said it will temporarily allow importation of a replacement drug for Doxil, a drug for ovarian and other cancers that hasn't been available for new patients for months.
The agency also has approved another supplier for a preservative-free version of methotrexate, a crucial drug for children with a type of leukemia called ALL and for high-dose treatment of bone cancer. The version with preservatives can be toxic or cause paralysis in children and other patients getting the drug either via injections into spinal cord fluid or at very high doses.
The FDA also has approved the release of a batch manufactured by Ben Venue Laboratories Inc., shortly before it closed several factories at its complex in Bedford, Ohio, due to serious quality problems. That closing is what turned the on-again, off-again methotrexate shortage that began in late 2008 into a crisis almost overnight, with fears that patients would begin missing treatments as soon as the end of this month.
"We have made real progress ... We believe that (suppliers) will be able to meet the demands of patients in the U.S. market" for the two drugs indefinitely, FDA Dr. Commissioner Margaret A. Hamburg told The Associated Press in an exclusive interview. "It's a huge relief for us."
The FDA increasingly has been able to prevent drug shortages, mainly due to a sixfold increase in manufacturers voluntarily notifying the FDA when they anticipate shortages, Hamburg said.
Thanks to such notice, the agency prevented 195 drug shortages in 2011, mostly late in the year after President Obama issued an executive order giving FDA additional powers to address the shortages. Between that order on Oct. 31 and this week, the agency has prevented a total of 114 drug shortages.
Hamburg said that when FDA's much-expanded drug shortages team is notified about impending shortages and contacts other manufacturers, those companies have been "very responsive" as FDA worked with them on finding ways to boost production.
In the latest case, the FDA said it has temporarily allowed importation of an alternative to Doxil called Lipodox, made by Sun Pharma Global FZE. The Indian drugmaker is already known to the agency, and its factory and the production line for Lipodox have been inspected.
The FDA also has given approval to APP Pharmaceuticals LLC to begin making a preservative-free version of methotrexate in addition to its current drug that includes preservatives. The company had made a preservative-free version years ago, but needed to update paperwork and meet other requirements, which the FDA expedited. It's expected to start shipping the medication by the middle of March.
Another maker, Hospira Inc., expected today to start shipping about 31,000 vials of preservative-free methotrexate, more than enough to meet a month's demand, to hundreds of hospitals and treatment centers.
Still, hundreds of other drugs remain in short supply, including many other cancer medicines.
"I don't think we can ever close the book on drug shortages," Hamburg said. "I think we will always have to be vigilant."
Drug shortages have increased dramatically in the U.S. over the past six years, particularly for generic injected drugs. They are the workhorses of hospitals but are difficult to make and produce little profit for drugmakers. At least 15 deaths since 2010 have been blamed on the shortages, which have set a record high in each of the last five years.
So far this year, 27 new shortages have been reported, and about 215 that began in 2010 or 2011 remain unresolved, according to Erin R. Fox, manager of the University of Utah Drug Information Service, which tracks shortages.
"At this time last year, we were on a pace of about one new shortage per day. Thanks to FDA's hard work, that pace is cut in half for this first part of 2012, when we have counted 27 new shortages" in nearly two months, Fox said.
The shortages are caused primarily by problems with sterility and other serious issues that have led to shutdowns of production lines and occasionally entire factories.
In addition, consolidation among generic drug manufacturers, as well as manufacturers deciding to end production of marginally profitable drugs, has led to decreased capacity. That means when one manufacturer suddenly stops production, the small number of others making a drug can't quickly pick up slack.
The inability to get crucial medicines has disrupted not only carefully timed chemotherapy regimens, but surgery and care for patients with infections, pain and other serious conditions.
Meanwhile, some unscrupulous smaller distributors, dubbed "gray marketers," have been exacerbating shortages by charging hospitals many times the normal price for drugs that can't be acquired through normal suppliers. Several bills in Congress are pending that would establish penalties for drugmakers that don't give notice of impending shortages, or by setting penalties for price gouging on prescription drugs.
Of late, the cancer drug shortages have attracted the most attention, partly because missing multiple treatments can sharply reduce the chances of curing the disease. In the case of methotrexate, its use as part of the treatment for acute lymphoblastic lymphoma results in nearly 90 percent of children being cured, so parents and doctors were particularly upset at the prospect of it not being available.
___
Linda A. Johnson can be followed at http://twitter.com/LindaJ_onPharma
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Tuesday, February 21, 2012
Managed Computing Business - IT Northolt Solutions, Consulting ...
Danger Management ? Once you employ a tech corporation to handle personal computer support services, it is possible to feel confident in your office technology and concentrate on business enterprise operations. As opposed to hiring an in-house team that would take up space and resources inside your spot of small business, you might rather lower the dangers involved with hiring, insurance and a lot a lot more by basically obtaining an IT service that is separate from your company place.
Infrastructure Control ? If you are coping with personal computer networking, technologies, sites and a lot a lot more, you?ll have to have full control more than updating and big processes that make them perform. This can be particularly true if you?re running a shopping cart software program on your web-site. Without manage, you will not be moving forward with infrastructure. As an example, if the network goes down at any given moment, you will wind up having peace of mind since you are able to get your site back in operating order right away, rather than getting to wait for your tech team to arrive at the office.
Much less Operate, Additional Efficiency ? The main reason why you can require a service of this sort is simply because it will mean much less operate inside the long term. Your tasks will not be related to technology, and rather your enterprise can move forward with relative ease. In-house staff typically instances have additional function to do than just concentrate on the managing of technological advances, which can at times bottleneck certain aspects of infrastructure. By removing that element, and finding a service, you may assure that company is moving forward at all hours in the day and also night if want be.
The aforementioned reasons are just a handful of examples to think about when deciding whether or not to hire an IT organization for laptop or computer support services. Services are varied and there are a whole lot more arguments each for and against hiring outsourced IT providers. The above are just some factors that must help keep you motivated in hiring a team that is already operating in technology, rather than trying to build a ?dream team? for oneself. You may devote month after month attempting to figure out who to pick to come on board and help together with your tech wants, or you can let the experts deal with your wants with relative ease. By hiring an outside firm, you are going to also be saving a tremendous level of funds that would otherwise be spent on an in-house IT Northolt?department. The long-term savings will trump the expenses that you would need to invest in acquiring and forming a appropriate team to manage all tech help. Outside firms have encounter and staff to manage any and all demands that arise, so your enterprise is covered.
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Monday, February 20, 2012
Rain can't stop Mardi Gras festivities in New Orleans
Jonathan Bachman / AP
A Mardi Gras float is moved into position after heavy rains near the start of the Krewe of Endymion parade, which was postponed for an hour due to weather, Saturday in New Orleans
By msnbc.com staff and news services
NEW ORLEANS -- Heavy rains dampened but couldn't stop Mardi Gras festivities on Saturday.
While several parades were delayed until Sunday, which is forecast to be sunny and mild, the 2,500-member Krewe of Endymion rolled through a Mid-City route?an hour late Saturday?with a 27-float parade titled "Happily?Ever After."
Thousands of celebrants who turned out stayed despite heavy wind and rain pounding tents and tarps.
The area's north shore received much of the Saturday's storm damage, with trees and power lines knocked down, local media reported.
Jonathan Bachman / AP
Two-year-old Alan Stoltz waits for the Krewe of Endymion parade to begin after heavy rains Saturday in New Orleans.
With the parade delays,?six krewes are set to roll Sunday, meaning parades from 9 a.m.?into the night, said NBC station WDSU.
Sunday night, actor Will?Ferrell, who's been making the political comedy movie "Dog Fight"?in New Orleans, will serve as Bacchus XLIV in the?superkrewe's annual parade.
Rocker Bret Michaels, pop queen Cyndi Lauper, singer Adam Levine and Maroon 5, and newscaster Anderson Cooper are among the others leading parades this season.
Jonathan Bachman / AP
Members of Krewe of Endymion walk past a puddle of water after heavy rains, which postponed the parade Saturday for an hour in New Orleans.
The Carnival season that leads up to Mardi Gras actually begins in January, with a heavy schedule of parades and balls slated during the two weeks before Fat Tuesday.
WDSU live camera on Bourbon Street in New Orleans?
New Orleans krewes adhere strictly to a rule that prohibits commercial sponsorship of their events. "The people riding in the parades pay all the costs to put on a show that the audience can enjoy for free,"?said writer and Mardi Gras historian Errol Laborde.
A recent study of the economics of Mardi Gras, by Tulane University economics professor Toni Weiss, estimated that krewes spend more than $20 million annually to put on their events.
Reuters contributed to this story.
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Getting Money Fast for Auto Repairs | e-muza.net
If you have fallen into a problem with needing to get your car fixed now in order to have it running in time for work the next day, it can be difficult to know the best way to pay for it. When you take your car to the auto shop to get fixed, it is difficult to know what to do. You need the car fixed immediately but you do not always have the money to pay for what might be expensive repairs that are needed. If you have found yourself in this situation and you need to pay for the costly repairs immediately in order to get around town but do not have money or a credit card that you can pay for the repairs with, then you should consider getting a payday loan. It is a great way to get an advance of money that you will get from your pay check in just a few weeks. Getting instant payday loans in arizona is not difficult, just apply online to get the money sent to your bank account in under a day.
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Source: http://www.e-muza.net/2012/02/19/getting-money-fast-for-auto-repairs/
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Sunday, February 19, 2012
Translation? humorous scripts - Servers Tech Blog
3. LEXICAL RESOURCES
3.2. SEMANTIC OVERLAP
(11) [In a Bed & Breakst in France] The genuineanticsin your room come from our mily castle.
Ronald Reagan (the then American president) was holding a press conference in Washington to discuss domestic issues. Out of the blue, a journalist stood up and posed this question: "Mr. President, what do you think ol wi kandal iti kSummit Conference in Amman?" The president had no idea what that was. Improvising, however, he responded: "I think we , but we dont declare it".
(12) [From the then Soviet Weekly] There will be a Moscow Exhibition of Arts by 15,000 Soviet Republic painters and sculptors.Thesewere executed over the past two years.
Kuwait University, Kuwait
The conditional sentence in (16) gives rise to a conversational implicature that constitutes the basis of the humorous script, i.e. If this is not your first visit to the USSR, you are not welcome to it. The producer was not aware of this implicature he/she only wanted to give a special welcome to first timers in the USSR. Accidental humor that derives from the overall structure of the text is coherence-based (mostly related to conversational implicature) rather than cohesion-based (e.g. reference and word order). It should be noted that whereas conditional modality may not work in contexts similar to (16) in English, it may work in some languages like Arabic (or probably Russian, with which (16) affiliates). The modality behind this in Arabic runs as follows: If you are not a first-timer, the place in question is your second home, so you do not need welcoming; however, if you are a first timer in this place, you are deserving of welcoming to it. This culture-sensitive modality can be a rich resource for accidental humor as (16) above clearly demonstrates.
4.3. MODALITY
Translation? humorous scripts,Keywords: accidental humor; intentionality; implicature; script opposition; flouting a maxim; infringing a maxim; interlingual communication.
The communicators inadvertent choice of entertaining instead of receiving results in accidental humor in the context reported in (4) above. Semantically, entertainment is a common aspect of reception, which may be considered a superordinate term that may include entertaining. The humor, however, is heightened by reversing the normal scenario or script in banning entertaining the opposite in hotel bedrooms (which may function as natural venues for such activity), while licensing it in hotel lobbies (which may not function as possible venues for such activity). As a result of this script overlap, the intended message is turned up side down and accidental humor comes into being.
As can be seen, the humor in (3) is caused by the homonymous lexeme ass,Translation? humorous scripts which can tolerate two senses in the above context, that is, donkey or buttocks. The communicator could have avoided the ambiguity by using donkey instead of ass.
A similar Arabic example went round in Jordan in the early 1990s during the Jordanian governments lengthy deliberation over the issue of raising the state-subsidized price of bread and its serious effects on the poor. The then Jordanian Prime Minister, Abdul-Kareem Al-Kabariti, was allegedly reported to have said " ad-daf qabl al-raf " [Payment before raising] with reference to the governments intention to compensate poor milies financially before raising the price of bread. The alleged phra??????logy, which was purposely and mischievously interpreted as carrying a ual import [i.e. a miliar rule in striking a deal with a prostitute], came to be on everyones tongue in Jordan and generated considerable amusement among Jordanians. In the Jordanian culture, the ual intercourse interpretation is derived from a folkloric, stereotypical position that involves the males raising his partners legs high before entering her. The Prime Minister, given the solemnity of his statement and the seriousness of the situation, could not have been taken to contemplate the humorous script; therefore, it must have arisen from his infringing rather than flouting the maxim of Manner.
In some cases, it is not easy to determine whether the intralingual language-based humor is accidental or intentional. The following example may illustrate this point: (In the window of a Kentucky appliance store) Dont kill your wife. Let our washing machine do the dirty work. On the one hand, given this advertising context, one may reasonably assume that the producer is not aware of the humor in the above text, as he/she is promoting the product in question as a source of relief (rather than a source of mortality) for housewives. If this is so, then what we have here is accidental humor. On the other hand, it may be assumed that the producer is exploiting the maxim of manner to generate humor, in an attempt to break the ice and create an amiable atmosphere which may encourage potential customers to go shopping at that appliance store. In most cases, however, intralingual linguistic humor is intentional. Following are some interesting examples: (On a butchers window) Let me meat your needs; (On the door of a computer store) Out for a quick byte; and (Pizza shop slogan) 7 days without pizza makes one weak. The producers of these examples intentionally invest a linguistic resource (namely homophony in English) to promote commodities by amusing potential clients.
The humor in the above example results from the communicators inadvertent employment of the verb in italics, i.e. give, which conveys the salient message of serving the food to the guard on duty more than the marginalized message of leaving the food with the guard on duty. This error succeeds in generating laughter from readers who are aware of this lexical mishap. It should be noted that interlingual humor belongs to situational rather than fictional humor (Morreall, 2004). The humor-generating situational act is unconscious on the part of the producer, but conscious on the part of the receiver. As for the text itself, it is a victim of accidental humor, which derives mainly from interlingual rather than intralingual script opposition and overlap; it is largely the legitimate child of interlingual linguistic mishaps (for intralingual mishaps, however, see Chiaro 1992), which are rooted in language itself rather than in social reality that finds its way through language, as is the case in intentionhumorous scriptsal humor.
The humor in (7) derives from the producers filling an English lexical gap based on the lexicon of German (the source language), in which the verb alarmieren means to alert and counts as a lse friend of the English verb to alarm. By contrast, English employs the two verbs sound the alarm and alarm to mean different things. In other words, there is a lexical gap in English because the effected object in the collocation sound the alarm cannot be verbalized for the same import. Being unaware of this lexical gap, however, the producer verbalizes the effected object, thus causing laughter by bringing to the foreground a humorous script.
Generally speaking, there have been two approaches to the study of humor: the functional and the descriptive. The functional approach has emphasized the socio-psychological aspects of joke-telling (e.g. Benton 1988; Draister 1994). The descriptive approach foregrounds semantic and structural properties of jokes (e.g. Goldstein, 1970; Raskin, 1985; Attardo, 1994, 2001; Attardo and Raskin, 1991). Regardless of the approach, there is a consensus among humor researchers that joking, which typically results in laughter, is essentially an intentional act that evolves from both the joker and the joke itself, and is expected to be of interest to the listener, who usually turns into a key player once the joke has been cracked.
(13) [In a Sari Park] Elephants Please Stay In Your Car.
Similarly, the implicit reference marker you and its explicit, co-referential anaphor your in (13) il to refer exophorically to people visiting the park, as intended by the translator, and, instead, the explicit anaphor your picks up elephants as a textual referent, thus causing the humorous script. Further, example (13) indicates the importance of punctuation as a cohesion device. Had the producer of (13) used an exction point after Elephants, he/she would have ruled out the humorous reading, i.e. the anaphor your could, in that case, only be interpreted exophorically.
Despite the functional difference between intentional and accidental humor, script opposition seems to lie at the heart of both. It seems that humor has to evolve and, subsequently, derive from an enterprise of incongruity. The overt script at the beginning of the (un)intended joke must be overridden by a covert script that unfolds when the punch line is reached. However, whereas intentional humor is usually the output of fictional thinking (i.e. a reflex of social (subjective) rather than objective reality), accidental humor is the output of mishaps in actual communication (both intra- and inter-lingual), which derives from a real rather than fictional setting.
Modality, which can either refer to the way the language user views the world around him in terms of different degrees of certainty (epistemic modality) or his attitude toward social ctors such as obligation and permission (deontic modality), probably constitutes the subtlest resource for accidental humor. English modality may be expressed grammatically by employing modal verbs such asmustin John must resign or semantically by paraphrasing the modal verb lexically as in It is necessary that John resign. The subtlety of this resource in accidental humor stems from our inability to pinpoint it because the humorous script may relate to the semantics of the overall text rather than a particular word or phrase that, in other resources of accidental humor, may function as a lexical or grammatical trigger. The following examples illustrate this point:
In the following pages, there will be an attempt to explore some of the linguistic resources that may improvise accidental humor in international public notices displayed in English translation in different parts of the world. These resources can be divided into lexical and grammatical.
In many cases, accidental humor results from the producers inability to observe overlapping in the meaning of semantically related words. Following are some examples:
A different picture is obtained in accidental humor, where the speakers intention to amuse is lacking. The humor is accidentally conveyed and, as a result, laughter is generated. An interesting example is cited in Thomas (1995), in which the Liberal M.P. Mr. Cyril Smith who, speaking on a radio program in defense of the immigrant population in Britain, claimed to be someone who " does a very very great deal of work amongst the immigrant population I had sixteen of em for lunch at the House of Commons last Tuesday ". What he said generated laughter from the audience although he iled to figure out why it was funny and insisted that the invitation script was the only possible interpretation of his utterance. Clearly, Mr. Smith infringed the Maxim of Manner (namely the sub-maxim Avoid ambiguity) without intending to do so, hence the laughter from the audience. Technically, an infringement of a maxim contrasts with a flouting of a maxim in terms of speakers intentions: the former involves the speakers awareness that he is exploiting a maxim of conversation for a communicative purpose, whereas the latter lacks this awareness on the part of the speaker, i.e. the exploitation of the maxim is accidental it is not intended by the speaker (for a detailed account of observance and non-observance of maxims of conversation, see Grice 1975 and Thomas 1995). Had Mr. Smith intended to generate humor, he would have been taken to flout the Maxim of Manner for a communicative purpose.
On the other hand, homonymous words are those ambiguous words whose multiple senses are completely unrelated to each other; for example, the word sage can accidentally mean a wise man and a kind of herb. The source of humor in example (3) below is homonymy:
In some cases, fortuitous humor is caused by the producers erroneous use of a lexeme that bears some morpho-phonological resemblance to the target word. Following are three illustrative examples:
Accidental humor is unintentional and is, in our case, an immediate consequence of the producers imperfect command of the foreign language. Therefore, it is a clear example of infringing the maxim of manner accidentally, that is, the communicator ils to employ a phra??????logy that conveys the message embodied in the source language public notice in his/her English version. The English versions may be viewed as mere attempts at communicating in the foreign language (English in this case) rather than translations proper. The following example is illustrative: (At a Budapest zoo) Please do not feed the animals. If you have any suitable food,giveit to the guard on duty.
Lexical gaps, which refer to the holes in the semantic blanket in any given language (Rabin 1958; Ivir 1977; Dagut 1981), are a common feature of all human languages, because that blanket can never be intact. This does not mean that human languages may variously not be capable of expressing some propositions due to lexical gaps. In ct, every language has the ability to improvise ways and means to fill in the lexical gaps communicatively, i.e. independently of lexical compression where one specific lexeme is employed. In some cases, accidental humor results from the communicators inability to handle lexical gaps in the target language (English in our case). Following are two illustrative examples:
A clear assumption in this is that accidental humor resulting from attempting to communicate in a foreign language is a linguistic mishap that involves socio-cultural implications. On the one hand, it enhances intercultural communication by introducing an amiable atmosphere among interactants belonging to different cultures and, subsequently, strengthens social relations. An example that comes to my mind involves a man Jordanian professor (who lacks enough English proficiency) posing the question How is your under to a man Australian professor (a native speaker of English) at a cocktail party. They were stuck at that point in the conversation and, being nearby, I was summoned to explain what that question meant. When I pointed out that the question (a direct literal translation from Arabic) was about ual potency, not only did the three of us engage in laughter but we made it public to several other invitees who joined in the laughter, which sparked off friendly conversations on relevant topics. On the other hand, linguistic mishaps in interlingual communication may create both dismay and prejudice on the part of native speakers. At language conferences and elsewhere, I often heard cynical remarks made by native speakers of English about the English used in public signs and notices in foreign lands. For instance, recently an American professor at a language conference in Turkey told me how the guards stopped her from taking pictures of some public signs at an archeological site in a foreign country. She (maybe mistakenly) interpreted this as having to do with the funny English employed in the signs.
1. INTRODUCTION
4. GRAMMATICAL RESOURCES
(14) [In the lobby of a Moscow hotel across a Russian Orthodox monastery] You are welcome to visit the cemetery where mous Russian and Soviet composers, artists and writers are burieddaily except Thursday.
The present study aims to analyze accidental humor as it manifests itself in a number of international public notices posted in English, which have been selected from Internet material (mostly from English Funniest Translations at Funny Translation Errors at The posting of English versions of native public notices in different parts of the world hardly needs an explanation, for English has become an international lingua franca in this age. This being the case, it is becoming more and more pressing for local services and businesses in most non-English speaking countries to juxtapose the native public notices with English translations.
The mishap in (1) stems from the erroneous employment of the verb enter causatively based on its mono-transitive use, e.g.enter a roomandenter a competition. However, the humor is heightened by the use of the noun woman as a collocate of enter, thus giving rise to an amusing ual reading, which emanates from the ct that the verb enter is polysemous. It could be the case that the source language allows the use of the verb corresponding to enter causatively; whereas English would require a causative verb, e.g. let a woman enter, other things being equal. Thus this is a case where polysemy interacts with grammar to produce accidental humor. Similarly, the humor in (2) is caused by the polysemous expression take advantage of, which can mean either make use of services and/or exploit financially or ually depending on context. Being unaware of this subtle polysemy, however, the communicator opted for the ambiguous expression take advantage of in the hotel context above, thus bringing forth to the foreground the unexpected script of exploiting the chambermaid ually, instead of the intended script of use of the services that the chambermaid can see to, which only remains lingering in the background.
(17) [In a hotel in Athens] Visitors are expected to complain at the office between the hours of 9 and 11 A.M. daily.
Abstract
The humor in (14) is accidentally caused by the wrong placement of the adverbial phrase daily except Thursday as a post-modifier of the act of burying Russian and Soviet composers, artists and writers instead of the act of visiting the cemetery. Apparently,????. the communicator wanted to avoid the awkwardness of placing the post-modifier after the appropriate act, not being aware of utilizing parentheses to enclose an awkward adverbial in such a case. At the same time, he was well aware of the moveability of adverbials in English, which, to his misfortune, made him ll in the snare of a humorous script.
As can be seen, the joke teller was working with two different thought-worlds: Arab versus American politics. On the one hand, he/she wanted to conversationally implicate that President Regan knew nothing about what was happening in the rest of the world, because he lacked a good education. To achieve this end, the joker made the journalist flout the maxim of manner by struggling with the alliterative pronunciation of the Arabic conference name, thus triggering a ual scenario that was taken at ce value by the president although it was r-fetched. In effect, the freshly emerging pronunciation goes well beyond the unfunny script (the actual Arabic name of the conference) to reach out for the humorous script (the ual interpretation). On the other hand, he/she intended to conversationally implicate, by means of lling back on President Reagans response, that Arab summit conferences were a futile enterprise that should not be taken seriously. To accomplish this goal, the joker had the president flout the maxim of relation, in order to sustain his ce-value interpretation of the journalists question. This two-stage implicature-laden contrivance succeeds in creating laughter based on both script opposition and script overlap (Raskin, 1985).
Humor or joking is essentially a collaborative social act, or construct, in the words of (Veale, 2004), where a variety of socio-cultural functions relating to the joke teller, listener and butt are all simultaneously engaged (Freud, 1960 [1905]; Bentley, 1981 [1964]; Al- Khatib, 1999). Because of its interdisciplinary nature, humor has been discussed by psychologists (Ruch, 1992), linguists (Alam, 1989; De Bruyn, 1989); discourse analysts (Sherzer, 1985; Al-Khatib, 1997), ethnographers (Sacks 1974; Apte 1985), and sociolinguists (Martineau, 1972; Benton, 1988).
Similarly, the communicator in (8), being unaware of English derivational restrictions and modelingdoernouns such as specialist and receptionist, erroneously subjects the noun method in dentistry to this derivational pattern. To his/her confusion, the wrongly coined lexeme coincided with a r-fetched homophone Methodist from the Christian religious register, thus accidentally creating a humorous script.
Similarly, the humor in (15) results from the erroneous placement of the prepositional phrase with nuts as a post-modifier of the ladies instead of its intended use as a post-modifier of cocktails. Although the mishap is triggered by mistaken word order, it would have remained an awkward rather than a humorous translation error had it not been for the polysemous word nuts. Thus, if the word nuts were replaced with cashews in (15), the humorous script would just disappear, leaving the reader with nothing but an awkward language error that could hardly merit a smile. It should be noted that attachment sites of prepositional phrases are a notorious source of ambiguity in English (for more details, see Oaks 1994, 1995).
Meaning is never made explicit in jokes it is typically worked out co-operatively between the joke teller and the listener by way of conversational implicature (Grice 1975) in a non-bona fide manner of communication (Raskin, 1985). More often than not, the joker flouts one or more of the maxims of conversation, in order to create more interest and suspense in his/her joke. By way of illustration, below is a Jordanian political joke that was heard among the Jordanian elite at the time of an Arab summit conference in Amman (1986), which was officially calledmu(Conference of Reconciliation and Agreement) by the host country (Jordan):
As can be seen in (4)-(6) above, semantic overlaps that feature various inclusion relations constitute a rich area for interlingual mishaps that create script opposition or overlap and, as a result, accidental humor. However, these overlaps dynamically interact with collocational restrictions in different contexts. In most cases, the humor instantiates because the producer ils to employ the correct word from a set of lexemes related to each other by inclusion or part-whole (e.g. hyponymy and meronymy, respectively) and, as a result, he/she lls victim to inadvertently emerging collocational and contextual humorous scripts.
Ambiguous words in English can be either polysemous or homonymous. On the one hand, polysemous words are probably the most prominent resource of accidental humor in translated public notices. A polysemous word is one that has two or more related meanings in any given language. That is to say, polysemy represents variations of the basic sense of a word. Insor as English is concerned, polysemy is so common that it is difficult to find a content word that escapes this phenomenon. The multiple senses of core words such asfoot,head,eye,chair,table,hot, etc. are only a few examples from a multitude. This pervasive property of the English lexicon provides rich ground for accidental humor while attempting to communicate messages from any given language into English, as can be illustrated in the mishaps in (1) and (2) below (henceforth the humorous words/expressions will be printed in italics):
It should be noted that polysemous and homonymous words may operate differently in accidental humor. On the one hand, polysemous words may generate humor by introducing an incongruent, but prominent, script into the context on hand, without causing lexical ambiguity (1 above), or, alternatively, by introducing an incongruent, but prominent, script into the context while maintaining lexical ambiguity. On the other hand, homonymous words cater for humor by giving rise to two competing scripts in a given context, although the humorous script usually takes precedence over the other one, as has been shown in (3) above.
Word order refers to the way words relate to each other in a sentence, which sometimes gives rise to structural ambiguity. In such cases, the wrong placement of a phrase in relation to the other constituents in the sentence usually triggers the humorous script, as can be illustrated in (14) and (15) below:
This examines accidental humor as it manifests itself in international public notices displayed in English. It shows that accidental humor, just like intentional humor, essentially stems from script opposition and script overlap (Raskin, 1985). However, it lacks intentionality, which plays a key role in contrived humor. In this way, accidental humor is based on the interaction between the text and the receiver, apart from the producer. In particular, accidental humor in interlingual communication is the output of the producers language incompetence in the target language, whereas it is the result of the producers landing in unintended ambiguity in intralingual communication. In such humor, therefore, the initiator infringes one or more maxims of conversation (Grice, 1975), unlike intentional humor, where the joke teller exploits conversational maxims for communicative purposes, in order to generate conversational implicature and, subsequently, laughter.
3.3. LEXICAL GAPS
Dept. of English
The humor in the three examples above results from the communicators confusing fit with fitting in (9), values with valuables in (10), and antics with antiques in (11). Apparently, the producers search for words in his mental lexicon was based on vague morpho-phonological similarity, which produced humorous scripts, thus effectively landing him/her in the happy trap of accidental humor.
(16) [On the door of a Moscow hotel room] If this is your first visit to the USSR, you are welcome to it.
The anaphoric reference marker these in (12) refers back to Soviet Republic painters and sculptors, thus effectively telling the reader that they were executed over the past two years, thereby generating humor. In terms of intentions, the communicator wanted the reference marker these to refer textually to the distant referent Arts or, perhaps, exophorically to "the painters and sculptors works". However, this intended reference script ils in the presence of a close, eligible textual referent in (12), i.e. 15,000 Republic painters and sculptors. Although the emerging script opposition is readily resolvable in terms of world knowledge, it succeeds in producing laughter from receivers.
(15) [In a Tokyo bar] Special cocktails for the ladieswith nuts.
3.4. MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL SIMILARITY
4.1 REFERENCE
As can be observed, polysemy may sometimes produce unambiguous utterances in accidental humor (example 1 above), although the intended script in the utterance is contextually recoverable by the reader. That is, given the context of (1), the reader can readily work out the producers intended script, despite the ct that the humor is generated by the linguistically based accidental script in the utterance. In such cases, therefore, script opposition is interactionally rather than linguistically recovered. In other cases of polysemy (example 2 above), the utterance will linguistically tolerate two scripts, i.e. will produce ambiguity, with one script coming to the foreground while the other staying in the background. In both cases of polysemy, the foreground background distinction is useful for differentiating between the prominently humorous script on the one hand and the intended, but linguistically iled, humor-free script on the other. Whereas the former always resides in the foreground, the latter invariably lingers in the background.
[In a Zurich hotel] Because of the impropriety ofentertainingguests of the opposite in the bedroom, it is suggested that the lobby be used for this purpose.
3.1. AMBIGUITY
2. THE PRESENT STUDY
Similarly, the humorous script in (17) stems from the translators option for a modality that embraces obligation instead of possibility toward the state-of-afirs in question, i.e. complaining at the hotel office. Therefore, what is modally supposed to be a visitors right is modally presented as a visitors obligation by the communicator. Again, this may have to do with culture-sensitive modality, which aims to urge diss
As for the humor in (5) and (6) above, it arises from the translators confusion about the sense relations in the set: trousers clothes laundry. While trousers are a hyponym of clothes (i.e. a kind of clothes), trousers and clothes are potential items of laundry. Neither of them can replace the common noun laundry, which may include clothing and non-clothing items. In (5), the verb drop may collocate with laundry to mean leave your laundry; however, it is not supposed to collocate with trousers to mean take off your trousers at the dry cleaners, hence the accidental humor. Similarly, the humor in (6) is triggered by the collocation leave your clothes at the Rome public laundry and is subsequently heightened by wishing the then nude customer to have a good time on that afternoon, which represents the punch line, without which the ual script would not be part of the meaning of the text. That is to say, the second part of the text constitutes a script-switch trigger that instantiates the ual reading, whose absence would have weakened the fortuitous humor tremendously.
(10) [In a Paris hotel elevator] Please leave yourvaluesat the front desk.
Mishaps in reference may alter the intended meaning and give rise to various humorous scripts. Examples (12) and (13) below illustrate this point:
4.2. WORD ORDER
Source: http://www.cpxserver.com/2012/02/18/translation-humorous-scripts/
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